fe ch eae | 
_ Historical Sketch 


MISSIONS 


in 


CHINA asdto CHINESE IN AMERICA 


under the care of the 


BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS OF THE 
PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH 


FOURTH EDITION 
(Revised) 


WOMAN’S FOREIGN MISSIONARY SOCIETY OF THE 
Tad 
SORA \Nrar aeRO PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH 


WITHERSPOON BUILDING, PHILADELPHIA 


1897 


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CHINA. 


THE COUNTRY. 


‘“The Middle Kingdom ’’ contains more than 
Population one-fourth of the human race. A New Eng- 
land pastor has suggested the following object 
lesson: A diagram is drawn containing one hundred 
squares, each representing four millions of souls. On this 
surface, which stands for China, ten squares are marked off 
for France, eighteen for the United States, etc.; and the 
population of China exceeds, by more than one-half, the 
aggregate population of the five foremost nations of Chris- 
tendom. Various estimates have been made by those best 
qualified to judge ; it is probably safe, however, to place the 
population of this hive of humanity at three hundred and 
fifty millions. 
The eighteen provinces of China proper em- 
Area brace an area of a million and a half square 
miles ; while the Chinese empire extends over 
nearly one-tenth of the habitable globe. ‘‘ Each province 
in China,’’ says a recent writer, ‘‘ is about as large as Great 
Britain ; so that China proper may be compared to eighteen 
Great Britains placed side by side. But when we include 
Mongolia, Manchuria, Thibet, and other dependencies, we 
find that the vermilion pencil lays down the law for a terri- 
tory as large as Europe and about one-third more.’’ 
Chinese history embraces a period of more 
History than forty centuries. The chief authority for 
this history is the Sha ing, a work in which 
Confucius compiled the historical documents of the’ nation. 
From this we learn that Yao and Shun reigned from 2357 
B.C. to about 2200 B.c., when the za Dynasty was founded 
by Yu the Great. This was succeeded, 1766 B.C., by the 
Shang Dynasty, which in its turn was overthrown, about 
1100 B.C., by Wu Wang, founder of the Chau Dynasty. 
During this period (1100 to 255 B.C.) lived Confucius, who 
was born 551 B.c. The 7s’22 Dynasty was founded 249 


at HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 


B.c. by the tyrant Lucheng, who was the first to assume the 
title Whangtee. He built the Great Wall as a protection 
against the invasion of the Tartars, and attempted to blot 
out the memory of the past by burning the books that con- 
tained historical records. From the name of this dynasty 
the country was called Chin or China. The Han Dynasty 
continued from 206 B.C. to 220 A.D. One of the emperors 
of this line restored the books destroyed by Lucheng ; and 
another, A.D. 66, sent to the West, in search of a new religion, 
messengers, who returned accompanied by Buddhist priests. 
A period of division was succeeded by the second 7s'zx 
Dynasty, which continued until A.p. 420. After the rule of 
the Tartars in the North, the families of Sung and Zang 
came successively into power. The invasion of Genghis 
Khan, in the thirteenth century, resulted in the establish- 
ment of the A/ongol Dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368). A revolu- 
tion led by a Buddhist monk overthrew the J/ongols, who 
were followed A.D. 1368 by the A7ings. This dynasty con- 
tinued until a.p. 1644, when the Manchoo ‘Tartars, taking 
advantage of a political quarrel, placed upon the throne 
Shun-chi, son of their own king, and founded the 7s’zng 
Dynasty, which continues to the present day. 

The Chinese language has no alphabet ; each 
Language character represents a word. The imperial 

dictionary of the. Emperor Kang-hi contains 
more than forty thousand characters ;-but it is said that only 
five or six thousand are in ordinary use. ‘These characters 
are not inflected. Distinctions which in other languages 
are marked by a change in the form of the word, in the 
Chinese are made by using additional characters e. g., 
people is maltitude man, son is man child, etc. In the writ- 
ten language the characters are arranged in perpendicular 
columns, which are read from top to bottom and from right 
to left. The negative form of the Golden Rule, as given in 
the Lung-yu or ‘‘ Conversation,’’ is regarded as: a good 
specimen of Chinese style: 


Ki su. uk pok uk sic u_ ing. 
Self what not wish not do to man. 


The Wen Li is the written or classical language, and is 
understood in all parts of the empire, while the spoken 
dialects or colloquials differ almost as much as do the 
languages of Europe. The Wen Zz is not used in conversa- 
tion. For this the following reason is given: since the 


THE MISSIONS IN CHINA, 5 


number of characters is many times greater than the num- 
ber of monosyllables which it is possible to form with the 
vocal organs, several different characters must receive the 
same sound. ‘The written language therefore speaks to the 
eye rather than to the ear. Quotations from books, used in 
conversation, are most intelligible when already familiar to 
the listener. Among the more important of the colloquials 
are the Canton, the Amoy, the Foochow, the Shanghai, and 
the Ningpo. 

The Awan-hwa, ‘language of officers,’ is the court 
dialect, which the government requires all its officials to use. 
It is commonly called by foreigners the mandarin (from the 
Portuguese mando, to command). It is the prevalent lan- 
guage in sixteen provinces, and is spoken by about two 
hundred millions of Chinamen, Both the Mandarin and 
the more important colloquials have been reduced to writing. 

To master the Chinese language is not an easy task. John 
Wesley said the devil invented it to keep the gospel out of 
China. The difficulty of acquiring one of the colloquials is 
increased by the use of the tones and aspirates. For exam- 
ple, in the colloquial of Amoy there are ten different ways 
of uttering the monosyllable Aang, and according to the 
utterance it has as many different meanings. A missionary 
was once visiting a family who were mourning the death of 
a near relation. Wishing to ask whether they had buried 
the corpse, he used the right word, but misplaced the aspi- 
rate, so that he really asked whether they had murdered 
their relative. 

Pigeon-English is business English. ‘‘ Pigeon’’ was 
merely the result of the Chinaman’s attempt to pronounce 
the word dbuszzess. ‘This Anglo Chinese dialect is a jargon 
consisting of a few hundred words—chiefly corrupt English 
words—while the idioms are mostly Chinese. It serves the 
purpose for which it was invented, enabling the two races 
to communicate at the commercial centres without the neces- 
sity of either learning the language of the other. 

Ch ‘‘Never,’’ says Dr. W. A. P. Martin, ‘‘ havea 
aracter of $ ; 

the People great people been more misunderstood. They 

are denounced as stolid because we are not in 
possession of a medium sufficiently transparent to convey 
our ideas to them or transmit theirs to us; and stigmatized 
as barbarians because we want the breadth to comprehend a 
civilization different from our own. ‘They are represented 
as servile imitators, though they have borrowed less than 


6 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 


any other people; as destitute of the inventive faculty, 
though the world is indebted to them for a long catalogue of 
the most useful discoveries; and as clinging with unques- 
tioning tenacity to a heritage of traditions, though they have 
passed through many and profound changes in their history.’’ 

The Chinese had anciently a knowledge of a 
Religions divine Being, received possibly by tradition 

from an earlier time. The worship of this 
great Power, which they called Shkangte (Supreme Ruler), 
became very early a representative worship. It was 
restricted to the emperor; the people had no part in it. This 
fact may account for the growth of idolatry, the worship of 
a great multitude of spirits, and the worship of ancestors. 
“Tt is not ingratitude,’’ they say, ‘‘but reverence, that pre- 
vents our worship of Shangte. He is too great for us to 
worship. None but the emperor is worthy to lay an offering 
on the altar of Heaven.’’ Although the original monothe- 
ism is retained in the state worship of to-day, the idea of 
God is almost wholly lost. 

Confucius used the more indefinite term 7°zex (heaven) 
instead of Shangte, though doubtless referring to the per- 
sonal Being whom his countrymen had worshipped. He 
did not pretend to originate any new system of doctrine, but 
merely to expound the teachings of the wise men who had 
preceded him. He enjoined the duties arising out of dhe 
five relations—those subsisting between emperor and subject, 
father and son, husband and wife, older and younger brother, 
friend and friend. He also taught fhe five virtues—jen, 
benevolence, yz, righteousness, /2, propriety, cz, knowledge, 
sin, faith. But of all the duties arising out of the relations 
of life, Confucius dwelt most upon respect for one’s parents 
Filial obedience is the first and greatest duty. ‘‘ No stigma 
which could be attached to the character of a Chinaman is 
more dreaded than that of puwh-hiao, undutiful. But a good 
principle is carried to an unwarranted extreme when Con- 
fucius teaches that filial piety demands the worship of parents 
and sacrifice to them after death. The little tablet set up in 
the ancestral hall is supposed to be occupied, while the ser- 
vice is performing, by the spirit of the departed whose name 
and title are inscribed upon it. Before this tablet incense 
and candles are burned and prostrations made; offerings of 
food are brought; while paper money and other articles made 
of paper, supposed to be needed in the spirit world, are 
burned.’’ 


THE MISSIONS IN CHINA, L 


When the disciples of Confucius asked their master about 
death he frankly replied, ‘‘Imperfectly acquainted with life, 
how can I know death?’’ ‘The doctrine of the immortality 
of the soul, though implied in ancestral worship, was not 
distinctly taught. Confucius recognized the existence of a 
God, but was unable to teach anything definite concerning 
Him. It has been well said that there is in the system ‘‘no 
bringing down of God to men in order to lift them up to 
Hin??? 

Taouism orginated with Lao-tse, who lived in the sixth 
century B.Cc., and was contemporary with Confucius. It 
was an abstruse system full of superstitions. As a religion 
it did not become popular until, influenced by Buddhism, it 
was modified to its present form. It supplied some of the 
gods that are supposed to watch over the interests of the 
people. 

The spiritual wants of the Chinese were not satisfied. It 
was no doubt the imperfection of their religious systems that ” 
led the emperor Mingte, of the Han Dynasty, to send an 
embassy in search of teachers, and disposed the people to 
listen to the doctrines of Buddhism. ‘The distinctive char- 
acteristics of the system, as given by Dr. Nevius, are a belief 
in a benevolent deity associated with inferior ones, whose 
special object and care it is to save man from sin and its 
consequences; the doctrines of the transmigration of souls 
and the efficacy of good works. The great object of wor- 
ship is to make provision for the future state by obtaining 
merit. Most of the worshippers at the temples are women. 
Believing in the transmigration of souls, they hope, by 
faithfulness in worship, to be born in more favorable circum- 
stances. 

The Chinaman has been called a religious triangle. He 
does not profess one of the Saz A7zao, or three creeds, to the 
exclusion of the other two. All three exert an influence 
over hismind. ‘They are supplementary; the one is supposed 
to meet a spiritual want for which the others make no pro- 
vision. But his three religions have not made the Chinaman 
moral; they have not taught him about God; they have not 
delivered him from the thraldom of sin. 


WORK OF THE NESTORIANS. 


In 1625, at Si-ngan Fu, in the province of Shensi, a 
monument was found which establishes the fact that the 
gospel was introduced into China by Nestorian missionaries. 


8 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 


It was erected during the Tang dynasty, in 781 A.D. The 
inscription upon the tablet, in ancient Chinese and Syriac 
characters, gives an abstract of the Christian religion, and 
some account of the Nestorian missions in China. 

The work and influence of the Nestorians must have 
been widely extended in the eighth century. The tablet 
speaks of the great eternal cause as ‘‘ Our three in One 
mysterious Being, the true Lord.’’ It gives an account of 
the creation, the sin of man, the circumstances connected 
with the advent of our Lord, His work and ascension, the 
growth of the early Church, the coming of missionaries to 
China and their favorable reception by the emperor, who 
said of Christianity: ‘‘ As is right, let it be promulgated 
throughout the empire.’’ Among the various causes given 
for the loss of that wide influence which the Nestorians 
exerted for several centuries is the following: ‘‘ Their 
civilization was of a lower type than that of China.’’ Per- 
* secutions and dynastic changes weakened the Church, and 
it finally became extinct. 


KBARLY PROTESTANT EFFORT. 


Protestant missionary effort in China is embraced in 
three periods: first, from 1807 to 1842 ; second; from 1842 
to 1860; third, from 1860 to the present time. 

Robert Morrison, sent by the London Missionary Society, 
sailed in 1807, and went first to Macao, a Portuguese settle- 
ment in the mouth of the Canton River. He afterwards 
became translator for the East India Company’s factory out- 
side of Canton. He was most diligent in his work of study 
and translation, and though ‘‘a prisoner in his own house, 
so far as direct evangelistic work was concerned, > he secret- 
ly instructed as many natives as he couldreach. He baptized 
Tsat A-ko, the first convert, in 1814. -His translation of 
the New Testament was completed about that time ; and in 
1818, with the assistance of Milne, the whole Bible was 
finished. ‘Ihe work of the first period was done chiefly in 
the Malayan archipelago. It was a time of foundation-lay- 
ing. ‘The language was studied, grammars and dictionaries 
were made, the Bible and other books translated. Tracts 
and parts of the Scriptures were distributed, about one 
hundred converts were baptized, and a few native preachers 
trained for the work. 

In 1842, by the treaty of Nanking, five ports—Canton, 
Amoy, Ningpo, Foochow and Shanghai—were opened to 


THE MISSIONS IN CHINA. . 9 


foreign trade and residence. ‘These cities were at once 
entered by the faithful laborers, who, in the Island Missions 
among Chinese emigrants, at Malacca, Penang, Singapore 
and Batavia, had prepared for such an opening. Other 
missionaries were sent, and at the close of the second period, 
though all effort had been confined to the treaty ports, the 
native Christians numbered about thirteen hundred. 

The Treaty of Tien-tsin, 1860, not only legalized Chris- 
tian missions and recognized the rights of Chinese converts, 
but opened other places to the gospel. 


WORK OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 


The Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian 
Church, which grew out of the Western Foreign Missionary 
Society, and was organized October 31, 1837, commissioned 
Rev: R. W. Orr and Rev. J. A. Mitchell for the Chinese - 
Mission. They sailed from New York December 9g, 1837, 
for Singapore. Mr. Mitchell was soon removed by death 
and Mr. Orr was compelled by failing health to return with- 
in two years. Rev. T. L. McBryde, sent out in 18 40, 
returned in 1843 for the same reason. ‘The next reinforce- 
ments were J. C. Hepburn, M.D., who still continues in the 
service of the Board, and Rev. Walter M. Lowrie, who met 
his death by the hands of pirates in 1847. 

Dr. Hepburn and Mr. Lowrie in 1843 transferred the 
mission from Singapore to Amoy, China, and were soon 
joined by Dr. D. B. McCartee, now working in Japan, and 
Mr. Richard Cole. A special appeal was now made for 
funds, and as a result the church was enabled to strengthen... 
the mission. Among those sent out were Rev. Messrs. R. 
Q. Way, M. S. Culbertson, A. W. Loomis, Mr. M.S. Coul- 
ter, and their wives, Rev. Messrs. Brown, Lloyd and A. P. 
Happer. Macao, Amoy, and Ningpo were occupied as 
stations. 


Our Missions in China are six, viz. : 


I. Canton Mission. IV. East Shantung Mission. 
II. Hainan Mission V. West Shantung Mission. 
III. Pekin Mission. VI. Central China Mission. 


IO HISTORICAL SKET@GH OF 


Canton Mussion. 


Canton, the capital of the province of Kwan- 
Canton tung, is located on the Canton River, seventy 

miles from the sea. It contains a population 
of 1,500,000. ‘The city was occupied as a mission station 
in 1845, Macao having been the seat of the mission for a 
few years. ‘The first laborers were Rev. Messrs. Happer, 
Speer, and French. The agencies at first employed were 
chapel preaching, distribution of the Scriptures, teaching 
and ministering to the sick. In 1846 a boarding-school for 
boys was established. A dispensary, opened in 1851, was 
under the care of Dr. Happer until the arrival of Dr. Kerr, 
in 1854. 

The First Church was organized with. seven members in 
January, 1862, and has now 143. Its house of worship, 
first occupied in 1874, is located opposite the Shamin, an 
artificial island near the left bank of the river, where foreign- 
ers reside. 

The Second Church, organized in 1872, has a member- 
ship of 423, and occupies the Preston Memorial Chapel, 
dedicated in 1883, in memory of Rev. C. F. Preston, a 
missionary of the Board from 1854 to 1877. 

The Third Church was organized in 1881, is situated in 
the centre of the city and has 88 members. 

Several other churches in the neighborhood of Canton, 
numbering from 20 to 230 members, are cared for by the 
mission. Most of these were founded in the face of bitter 
Opposition, and have always been more or less persecuted. 
In 1894 Canton was visited by the bubonic plague, which 
Swept away nearly 100,000 victims. This was attended by 
a wide-spread out-break of superstitious hostility against 
foreigners, who were supposed to have caused the pestilence. 
The chapel of the Shek Lung Church was destroyed for the 
third time within a few years, and a Chinese teacher 
murdered. ‘The church at San Ning, consisting largely of 
Chinese converted while in America, also suffered severely. 

Chapel services, with daily preaching, are maintained at 
four different points in the city. In this work the mission- 
aries are assisted by native preachers; as a result, thousands 
hear the gospel every year. 


HE MISSIONS IN CHINA. Mt 


There are twenty-eight out-stations with con- 
Gut-Stations gregations of varying size, not as yet organ- 

ized into churches. Many of them have neat 
chapels, built by themselves. 

A boys’ boarding-school, opened in 1885, has 
Schools given a thorough Christian training to more 

than 300 boys, many of whom have become 
preachers and teachers. In 1893 it was incorporated with 
the ‘‘ Christian College’’ founded by the late Dr. Happer, 
as the crowning labor ef the long and fruitful life which he 
devoted to the service of China. ‘This college while in close 
connection with the Mission is controlled by its own trustees, 
chosen by the Board of Foreign Missions. ‘There are 106 
students. In 1896 a chapel was added, given by the Rev. 
Dr. and Mrs. Noyes in memory of their parents. 

The Canton Female Seminary was opened in 1872, by 
Miss Harriet Noyes, who still superintends it, assisted by 
Miss Butler and Miss Lewis. It comprises a training school 
for women, and a girls’ boarding-school, with advanced, 
intermediate and primary grades. There are 183 pupils. 
The Missionary Society of the school supports three Bible- 
women. 

There is a small orphanage under the care of the mission, 
and a school for the blind, which originated through the 
medical work of Dr. Mary Niles. This was removed to 
Macao at the time of the plague. ‘Thirty day-schools are 
sustained in Canton and the vicinity. 

Dr. Peter Parker, the founder of medical 
Medical Work missions in China, opened a hospital in Canton 

in 1835, chiefly for the treatment of diseases of 
the eye. In 1854 the care of the hospital was transferred to 
Dr. J. G. Kerr, who is supported by the Presbyterian Board, 
while the finances of the institution are managed by the 
Canton Hospital Society. The current expenses are met by 
the foreign community and the Chinese officials. Over 
twenty thousand patients receive treatment in a year. The 
Chinese name for the institution means ‘‘The Hospital of 
Broad and Free Beneficence.’’ With the healing a spiritual 
gift has been offered, for the two-fold duties of the medical 
missionary have been recognized, as expressed in the words 
of our Saviour, ‘‘ Heal the sick, and say unto them, The 
kingdom of God is come unto you.’ There is a daily 
morning service in the hospital chapel, followed by personal 
visitation, and the distribution of religious books and tracts. 


12 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 


No more fruitful field for evangelistic work could be desired. 
A large class of medical students is under instruction. Dr. 
Kerr has published 20 medical works in the Chinese language. 

There is a Sunday-school connected with the hospital, 
and day-schools for men and women. 

Four dispensaries in other parts of the city reach thous- 
ands of patients yearly. 

The Gospel Medical Boat, in charge of Rev. A, A. Ful- 
ton, performs the functions of a traveling chapel and a dis- 
pensary. ‘Two colporteurs and a Chinese doctor are em- 
ployed upon it, and it visits each year hundreds of villages. 
This work is supported by four Christian Endeavor Societies 
in America. 

Lien Chow, 200 miles northwest of Canton by 
Lien Chow water, was long an out-station of Canton. It 

is an important point, lying near the province 
of Hunan, which is almost untouched by missionary effort, 
and within easy reach of the Ius, an aboriginal tribe inhabit- 
ing the hill country, who seem peculiarly open to evangelistic 
work. A chapel was leased in 1879 by Mr. Henry, and a 
church organized in 1886 with a Chinese pastor, In 1886 a 
chapel was built at Sam Kong, ro miles distant, where it 
seemed best that the missionaries should live. A house was 
secured after much delay and occupied by Dr. and Mrs. 
Machle and Miss Louise Johnston. 

A hospital was opened in 1891, and a women’s ward 
added in 1895. Property for a hospital was secured at Lien 
Chow, but the opposition was so great that it was not occu- 
pied until 1897. 

Five day-schools and four out-stations are connected 
with this station. 

Yeung Kong, 150 miles southwest of Canton, 
Yeung Kong was first opened in 1886, in spite of serious 
opposition. In 1893, property was obtained 
and occupied by Rev. Andrew Beattie and Dr. D. A. 
Beattie, with their wives. In February 1895, a mob des- 
troyed the chapel and drove away the missionaries, inter- 
rupting the work fora time. After quiet was restored, the 
place was occupied by Rev. G. W: Marshall and Rev. E. P. 
Fisher, and the dispensary and chapel reopened. ‘There are 
two out-stations and a small school. . 
Kang Hau, 200 miles northwest of Canton, 
Kang Hau is the centre for work among the Hakkas, a 
thrifty and intelligent race inhabiting the 


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THE MISSIONS IN CHINA. 13 


highland region, who are perhaps the most promising ele- 
ment in the province. A church was organized in 1890. 
Work will be carried on in the Hakka dialect, which is 
quite different from the Cantonese. 


Hainan Mission. 


The Island of Hainan is situated at the extreme south- 
ern point of the Chinese Empire, and is 250 miles southeast 
of Hongkong. It is about twice the size of New Jersey, 
with a population estimated at 1,500,000. 

About one-third of the island is in possession of the 
original inhabitants, the Loi, who occupy the whole of the 
hill country and a part of the northwestern plain. ‘The 
remainder is occupied by descendants of emigrants from the 
regions about Amoy. A few thousand Hakkas are also 
found in the district near the hills. 

The Loi are generally taller and finer looking than the 
Chinese, have gentle manners, and while the different tribes 
have constant trouble among themselves they are kindly dis- 
posed toward strangers and seldom attack the Chinese unless 
they have received some injury from them. They are gov- 
erned by their own chiefs, some of whom recognize to some 
extent the authority of the Chinese Government. They 
have their own language, but some of them understand the 
Hainanese dialect. 

The first Protestant missionary effort was undertaken by 
Mr. C. C. Jeremiassen, then an independent missionary, 
who came to the island in 1881 and first made his head- 
quarters at Hoihow, the only port open to foreign trade. 
In the early part of the following year, he made an entire 
circuit of the island, selling books and dispensing medicines. 
Mr. Jeremiassen continued the work alone until he joined 
the Canton Mission in 1885. During that year Rev. H. V. 
Noyes of Canton: visited the chapel in Nodoa, a market 
town, examined 22 applicants for baptism and baptized nine. 

In November 1885 Dr. McCandliss moved to 
Kiungchow Kiungchow, the capital of the island, three 

miles inland, where they rented a large ances- 
tral hall which is still retained by the Mission. ‘They were 
joined by Mr. and Mrs. Gilman early in February. In 1887 
the station rented an ancestral hall for hospital purposes. 
One evening during the triennial examination, a soldier was 


14 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 


shot. He was taken to the hospital and the wound dressed 
amidst hundreds of spectators. His life was saved. This 
brought the hospital work into great prominence. 

There is but one chapel in Kiungchow, and that in con- 
nection with the hospital where daily instruction is given to 
the patients and such visitors as are inclined -to enter. 
During the quarterly examinations held for Chinese stud- 
ents it is crowded daily with constantly changing audiences. 

An outbreak of the plague in 1895 forced the mission- 
aries to remove to Hoi How, the seaport, where they were 
able to obtain land, and have built permanent and healthful 
houses. 

The ladies of the Mission carry on a school for children, 
and visit the women in their homes. 

During °86 and ’87, a large force of soldiers 
Nodoa was stationed at Nodoa, 90 miles from Kiung 

Chow, to quell the district feud and to open 
the Loi country tothe south. During the summer of 87 
fever broke out among them and many died. Mr. Jeremi- 
assen immediately went to them and was so successful in 
treating them that not a single patient died under his care. 
For his services the officer in charge gave him a site and 
money to erect two cheap hospital buildings, one of which 
was, at the expense of the Mission, made permanent and 
is still in use as a school building. 

Rev. F. P. Gilman and Mrs. Gilman went to Nodoa in 
1889, and were followed by the Rev. J. C. Melrose and wife. 

A chapel was built and schools begun for boys and girls. 
Several dialects are spoken here, but all the pupils and most 
of the Christians are Hakkas. A dispensary was opened at 
once, and a suitable building for the hospital is under way. 

A small press, given by friends, has provided copies of 
the gospel in Romanized Hainanese, and the necessary 
school-books. Itinerating work is at present the most 
important, and is prosecuted with great energy. Trips have 
been made into the hill country, where the Loi people are 
found friendly and impressible. They worship no idols, 
and seem ready to cast away their traditional faith, and 
accept the true religion. 

A station was opened at Loklah in the south- 
Loklah eastern part of the island by Mr. and Mrs. 
Jeremiassen in 1896. ‘The town contains 
about 3,000 families, and is near the entrance to the hills 
and the Loi country. ‘The people welcomed the mission- 


THE MISSIONS IN CHINA. 15 


aries warmly, and there was no difficulty in renting property 
for a chapel, dispensary and residence. 

In 1893 the island of Hainan and the peninsula north of 
it were set apart as a separate mission. ‘The population 
number about 3,000,000, and no other body of Christians is 
working among them. 


Peking Mission. 


Peking, the imperial capital, lying in the lati- 
Peking tude of Philadelphia, includes within its walls 

an area of twenty-seven square miles, and has 
a population of about two millions. It consists of three 
cities. The southern is occupied by pure Chinamen, the 
northern by descendants of the Tartars ; and within this is 
the forbidden or imperial city, surrounded by a high wall, 
and a moat, forty feet wide, filled with water. As Peking is 
the educational centre of China, an opportunity is here 
presented to meet and influence men from every part of the 
empire. It is in some respects the most interesting mission 
field in the world, and certainly one of the most difficult. 

Dr. W. A. P. Martin and his wife established a mission 
here in 1863. In 1869 Dr. Martin was elected president of 
the Tungwen College, and resigned his connection with the 
Board. His place was taken by Rev. J. L. Whiting and 
Rev. Daniel McCoy, who have since been reinforced by 
others. 

There are now two churches in the city, with excellent 
Sunday-schools, Societies of Christian Endeavor, and other 
organizations for training the members who number nearly 
400. Chapel preaching which is well attended in Peking is 
regarded as an economical method of work, since it reaches 
not only those in the neighborhood, but many from the 
country and from other cities. 

Boarding-schools both for girls and boys are filled to 
overflowing, and there are a number of small day-schools. 

The medical work is of great importance, giving access 
to all classes and winning friends for Christianity in high 
places. 

The An Ting Hospital and Dispensary is in charge of Dr. 
Coltman who also lectures to the students of the Imperial 


16 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 


College, and of the University of Peking. There is a 
woman's hospital, and four country dispensaries. 
he war with Japan in 1894-95, when Peking was seri- 

ously threatened, and the consequent disturbances, greatly 
interfered with the evangelistic work in the country regions. 
On the conclusion of peace, several tours were made with 
encouraging results. | 

Paoting-fu was occupied in 1893 by Rev. J. L. 
Paoting-fu Whiting, Rev. J. A. Miller and G. Y. Taylor, 

M. D. Much reviling and opposition marked 
the first year’s work, but the prefect of the city was very 
friendly, and afforded efficient protection. Daily preaching 
services are held in the chapel and instruction given in pri- 
vate. A wide field is open for itinerating, and a portable 
chapel is made useful in the tours. Medical work is rapidly 
growing into large proportions. 


East Shantung Mission. 


TUNGCHOW AND CHEFOO. 


West Shantung Mission. 


CHINANFU (TSI-NAN), WEI HEIN, IcHOWFU, CHINING 
CHOW. 


The province of Shantung, lying between the Yellow Sea 
and the Gulf of Pehchili, is about the size of Missouri, and 
contains 29,000,000 people. It has been the fountain of 
intellectual life in. China—the home of Confucius, Lao-tse 
and other sages—and has proved a peculiarly fruitful field 
for Christian work. Rev. J. L. Nevius was among the 
pioneers of the mission, first visiting the province in 1861, 
and until his death in 1893 he devoted to it all the energies 
of a singularly gifted nature. Assisted by his colleagues, he - 
instituted the systematic itineration and country work which 
has laid deep and broad foundations for the native church, 
and prepared the way for future workers. 

Tn 1877, and again in 1889-90, Shantung was devastated 
by frightful famines. Dr. Nevius, who was known and 
respected through the entire region, organized a relief com- 
mittee, and with other missionaries spent many months in 


THE MISSIONS IN CHINA. 17 


the midst of the sufferers. Over $200,000 was distributed 
in 1890, giving aid to 150,000 sufferers. By this means 
Christianity was commended to many who had never heard 
of it, and large accessions to the churches followed. 
In 1895, the growth of the Mission made it necessary to 
separate Tungchow and Chefoo from the western stations. 
Tungchow, on the Gulf of Pehchili, having a 
Tungchow population of 150,000, is an important literary 
centre. Rev. Messrs. Gayley and Danforth 
began to labor herein 1861. Mr. Gayley was soon removed 
by death and Mr. Danforth by loss of health, but the mis- 
sion was reinforced by Rev. Charles H. Mills and his wife, 
transferred from Shanghai. In 1864 Rev. C. W. Mateer 
and Rev. H. J. Corbett with their wives arrived. A church 
was organized in 1862. Much faithful work has been done at 
the out-stations and in the villages near Tungchow. 
Woman’s work has not been neglected; in the extensive 
tours made by our missionaries many native women have 
received sympathy and instruction. Dr. Mills continued his 
active labors until his sudden death in 1895, and the Shan- 
tung Church will long bear the impress of his devoted service. 
In 1866 a boys’ school was established by Rev. C. W. 
and Mrs. Mateer. In 1878 its name was changed to the 
-Tungchow High School. This school has now become a 
college, with more than roo students, and a fine equipment 
for secular as well as religious education. A complete 
‘‘philosophical apparatus, including a ten-inch reflecting tele- 
scope, equatorially mounted and set in a suitable observa- 
tory,’’ also the outfit for electric lighting and heating . 
(dynamo, boiler and engine given by friends), form part of 
their generous furnishing for work. Dr. and Mrs. Mateer 
are still at its head. 

A prosperous girls’ school, under the care of Miss Snod- 
grass, has a comfortable new building, and a wide field of 
usefulness. 

. Tungchow was especially exposed to disturbance during 
the war of 1894-1895, being three times bombarded by the 
Japanese. While regular missionary operations were sus- 
pended for a time, unusual opportunities for Christian service 
were opened among the soldiers and the terrified population. 

A hospital and dispensary treat each year thousands of 
patients, to all of whom the gospel is faithfully proclaimed. 
A successful effort has been made, on a small scale, by 
Mrs. C. R. Mills, to care for the deaf and dumb Chinese, 


18 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 


who have hitherto been without any special care, and who 
willingly bear the chief expense of the school. 

Chefoo, one of the most healthful and attrac- 
Chefoo tive spots in all China, is an important com- 

mercial city, fifty miles southeast of Tungchow, 
and the chief foreign port of Shantung Province. It was 
occupied as a sanitarium by Dr. McCartee in 1862, and in 
1865 as a mission station by Rev. H. J. Corbett. Many 
out-stations are connected with this centre, and 150 villages 
are regularly reached by itineration. 

Training classes are held at different points, through 
which efficient Christian helpers are obtained. 

There is a large boys’ boarding-school which is a feeder 
for the Tungchow College, and also a boarding-school for 
girls. At different points in the county there are day-schools, 
under the care of this station, with a large attendance. 

Chinanfu, the provincial capital of Shantung, 
Chinanfu is situated on the Hoang Ho river, three 
. hundred miles south of Peking, and about the 
same distance west of Tungchow. Rev. J. S. McIlvaine, 
with a native helper, visited the city in 1871. Chapel 
preaching was begun, two boys’ schools were opened, and 
various other agencies employed. After laboring alone for 
some time Mr. McIlvaine was joined, in 1875, by Mr. 
Crossette and his wife. Mr. Crossette was compelled by ill- 
health to leave the mission in 1879, and Mr. McIlvaine died 
February 2, 1881. He had just secured, with great diffi- 
culty, a permanent location for a chapel, in a most advan- 
_ tageous part of the city. Other laborers were sent to take 
up the work, but the great hostility shown by the people for 
several years made it impossible to buy land for building 
residences. During the favorable re-action caused by grati- 
tude for the famine relief in 1891, an imperial edict was 
issued, declaring that the work of the missionaries was good 
and they must be protected. ‘This enabled them to buy a 
desirable property outside the walls, away from the malaria 
and heat of the city. A hospital, the ‘‘ McIlvaine Memori- 
al,’’ was opened in 1892, under the care of Dr. J. B. Neal. 
There is also special medical work for women, and two 
dispensaries in the city. A class of medical students is 
under instruction. 

The church in the city has a comfortable chapel, and 
pays most of the salary of an evangelist. 

The boys’ boarding-school has a good building on high 


THE MISSIONS IN CHINA. 19 


ground A Girls’ High School was opened in 1895, with 
the especial object of training teachers for the country 
schools. 

Wei Hien is an important city in the interior, 
Wei Hien one hundred and fifty miles from Tungchow, 

and has one hundred thousand inhabitants. 
It was occupied as a mission station in 1883, by Rev. R. M. 
Mateer, Rev. J. H. Laughlin, and their wives, and Dr. H. 
R.Smith. Sincethen the station has been largely reinforced 
and the work has been extended to ninety-seven out-stations, 
where preaching services are held. Itinerating work is con- 
stant and fruitful, and seventeen churches have been formed. 

There are excellent boarding-schools at Wei Hien, and 
seventy-five primary schools in the country districts, with 
nearly one thousand pupils. 

The local work is largely centred in the hospitals and 
dispensary, erected as a memorial to the late Mrs. R. M. 
Mateer. A faithful Chinese chaplain, who died in 1895, 
was the means of great spiritual good to the patients. 

Ichowfu, 150 miles southwest from Chefoo, 
Ichowfu was occupied in 1890, by Rev. W. P. Chalfant, 

Rev. GC, A. Killie, and Dr. C. F. Johnson: 
Property was secured without difficulty, and little hostility 
shown. ‘The place had been for years an out-station of 
Chefoo, so that a nucleus for work was already formed. In 
1893 a mob of robbers attacked the mission premises, but 
the local authorities promptly put down the rioters, and 
promised effectual protection. The result was a great ad- 
vance in all departments of the work. 

The Japanese war was a period of great anxiety and 
danger in Ichowfu. Evangelistic Work was suspended, and 
most of the schools closed, until peace was declared in June 
1895. 

The medical work is large and successful. 

Chi-ning Chow, lying on the Grand Canal 150 
Chi-ning Chow miles from Chinan-fu, is within reach of 5,000, - 

000 people, among whom no other Protestant 
church is working. Rev. Wm. Lane and Dr. S. A. Hunter 
were sent here in 1890, but were driven out almost imme- 
diately by mob violence, barely escaping with their lives. 
After a year’s delay satisfaction was secured from the 
government, with full promise of protection for the future. 
Rev. J. H. Laughlin and Rev. Mr. Lane, with their wives 
and Miss Emma Anderson, were kindly received in 1892, 


20 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 


and further reinforcements were sent the next year. All 
branches of work were at once established, and carried on 
throughout the war, with little disturbance. The people 
show unusual readiness to receive the truth. There are two 
hospitals. That for women was founded by the First Pres- 
byterian Church of Utica, N. Y., in memory of their pastor’s 
wife, Mrs. Rose Bachman. ‘The medical work has met with 
marked success. 


Central China Mission 


This oldest mission of our Board in China occupies five 
stations; Ningpo, Shanghai, Hangchow, Soochow and 
Nanking. Connected with these are over thirty out-stations, 
where native preachers are working, and about the same 
number of preaching places, visited more or less regularly. 
These stations cover the most densely populated region in 
the world, containing 35,000,e00 people on 40,000 square 
miles of territory. 

. Ningpo, one of the five ports ppeteds in 1842, is 

Ningpo located on the Ningpo river, twelve miles from 

the sea, and contains, with its suburbs, a popu- 

lation of three hundred thousand. The beautiful and fertile 

plain stretching to the west and south of the city, intersected 
with canals, has been called ‘‘the very garden of China.’’ 

Our pioneer missionary in Ningpo was D. B. McCartee, 
M.D., who arrived June 21, 1844, and before the close of 
that year opened a dispensary in a large T'aoist temple. He 
was joined within a few months by the Rev. Messrs. R. Q. 
Way, M.S. Culbertson, A. W. Loomis, and their wives, and 
Rev. W. M. Lowrie. The first Chinese convert, Hung 
Apoo, was baptized early in 1845, and on the 18th of May 
in the same year a church was organized. ‘The chapel ser- 
vice was conducted at first by Dr. McCartee, as he could 
speak the Ningpo dialect more fluently than his colleagues. 
For the early history of the Ningpo mission, see 7he Foreign 
Missionary, March and June, 1884. If the limits of this 
brief sketch permitted, it would be a pleasure to recount the 
labors of all who gave themselves to the mission in its early 
days. One of these was the Rev. Wm. T’. Morrison, who, 
at the out-stations Yu-Yiao and San-Poh, and afterwards in 
the boys’ school, and as a teacher of a class in Theology, 
proved himself a devoted and self-sacrificing missionary. 


THE MISSIONS IN CHINA. 21 


There are now ten churches connected with this station, 
with nineteen regular preaching places. The field covered 
by the Ningpo station, 200 miles long and from 20 to 100 
miles wide, embraces a population of several millions. 

A girls’ boarding-school, opened in 1846, now numbers 
forty-eight pupils. The girls are taught the common duties 
of house-keeping with their other studies, and much atten- 
tion is paid to religious instruction. With few exceptions, 
the pupils have been converted and received into the church . 
while members of the school. ‘They have become wives of 
native preachers or teachers, or have themselves engaged in 
teaching. | 

Industrial Classes for heathen women form an interesting 
feature of the work here, and have been very successful in 
winning poor women to a new life. The beginning of this 
effort was by Mrs. W. T. Morrison in 1861. Five Bible- 
women are constantly at work in the city and the surround- 
ing villages. } 

The Presbyterial Academy, opened February 1, 1881, is 
designed for the sons of native Christians, and is almost 
wholly supported by the native churches. The Presbytery 
of Ningpo appoints the Committee of Directors, consisting 
of one foreign missionary and two native ministers. 

The Boys’ Boarding-School, organized early in the history 
of the Mission, was in 1877 removed to Hangchow. Day- 
schools for boys and girls are carried on, taught by graduates 
from the boarding-schools. 

Shanghai, ‘‘the Liverpool of China,’’ in the 
Shanghai province of Kiang-su, is a city of 500,000 

inhabitants [including suburbs]. Its Huropean 
population numbers 4,000. Rev. Messrs. M. 5S. Culbertson 
and J. K. Wight, with their wives, were transferred from 
Ningpo, and began to labor here in July, 1850. The first 
convert was baptized in 1859, and a native church organized 
in 1860. | 

Three localities are now occupied in this city—the oldest, 
within the English concession and centering around the 
Mission Press; the second, outside of the South Gate; the 
third, within the American concession, 41% miles from the 
Press, in the district called Hongkew. In the first or Press 
station, there is a self-supporting church, called the Lowrie 
Memorial, with an excellent Chinese pastor. They have 
recently erected a fine new building, and carry on missionary 
work of their own. 


22 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 


The South Gate church is in the midst of a thickly set- 
tled district, where no other mission is working. Much of 
the work is done through the Chinese helpers. ‘The Hong- 
kew church pays about half of its pastor’s salary. These 
three churches have over 200 members, about half of whom 
were educated in our own schools. 

The Christian Endeavor movement has been of great help 
to the churches in China, and especially in Shanghai. The 
first Convention, held here in 1894, represented thirty-eight 
societies, with about 1000 members, and the meetings were 
large and profitable. 

The Lowrie High School for boys has fifty boarders, and 
is partially self-supporting. A large girls’ boarding-school 
receives mostly the children of Christian parents, and gives 
industrial as well as literary training. Several day-schools 
are carried on. 

The Mission Press, located in Shanghai, is a powerful 

agency for good throughout the empire. Its history, in brief, 
is as follows: 
In February, 1844, Mr. Richard Cole arrived at Macao 
with an outfit, accompanied by a young Chinaman, who in 
America had learned something of the printer’s trade. The 
first work undertaken was an edition of the Epistle to the 
Kphesians; this was followed by an edition’ of the Gospel 
of Luke. In June, 1845, Mr. Cole removed the press to 
Ningpo. | 

The use of separate characters instead of cut blocks was 
begun in 1856. A Frenchman had conceived the idea of 
separating the complex Chinese character into its simple 
elements, so that a few elemental types might be variously 
combined to form many different characters. When the 
sum of $15,000 was needed to secure the manufacture of 
matrices for the type, King Louis Philippe and the British 
Museum gave $5,000 each, and the remaining $5,000 was 
contributed by the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. 
After this step in advance was taken, a type-foundry and 
electrotyping department were added to the institution. As 
Shanghai was thought to possess superior advantages as a 
commercial centre, the press was removed to that place in 
December, 1860. 

In 1875 the premises were sold and more suitable proper- 
ty, in a central location, was purchased. ‘The press is now 
thoroughly provided with every facility for printing the 
sacred Scriptures and Christian books. It comprises a 


‘SHE MISSIONS IN CHINA. 23 


printing-office, a type-foundry, electrotyping and stereo- 
typing-rooms, and a book-bindery. It has furnished fonts 
of type for the missions in Peking, Foochow and Korea, as 
well as for the German Imperial Printing House in Berlin. . 
With eight presses constantly running, and about eighty men 
employed, it is believed to be the largest establishment of its 
kind in Asia. About forty million pages are printed every 
year. In 1872 a Japanese-English dictionary by S. Hori 
was issued ; also the revised edition of Dr. J. C. Hepburn’s 
dictionary ; in 1873 an electrotyped edition of Dr. S. Wells 
Williams’ Chinese-English dictionary. 

For many years the press has not only paid its way, but 
brought a yearly surplus of from $3,000 to $8,000 into the 
treasury. 

About half the workmen employed are Christians. 
‘“Rvery morning the workmen gather in a chapel at the 
rear of the main-building, where a native teacher reads 
from the Scriptures and leads in singing and prayer.” 

As one influence of the press, the Chinese are beginning 
to throw aside their cumbrous system of block-printing and 
to adopt our methods. | 

By means of the press it has been possible to circulate a 
Christian literature. Besides various editions of the Scrip- 
tures and Christian tracts, there have been published com- 
mentaries, works on the evidences of Christianity, and books 
giving instruction in all the Christian graces and virtues. 
Scientific books have been published, and a large amount of 
work done for the British and Foreign Bible Society, the 
Chinese Religious Tract Society and the North China Tract 
Society. 

Of the Chinese periodicals printed here the most import- 
ant are the Chinese Illustrated News, the Child’s Paper, the 
Missionary Review, and Review of the Times. These and 
the other publications are circulated not only in China, but 
wherever Chinese emigrants have gone. 

In 1895 a superb copy of the New Testament was printed, 
beautifully bound, and enclosed in a silver casket, for 
presentation to the Dowager Empress on her sixtieth birth- 
day, by the Christian women of China. The entire cost 
was $1,200, and the givers numbered nearly 11,000 

Soochow, ‘‘ the Paris of China,” is a city of 

Soochow 500,000 inhabitants, 70 miles from Shanghai. 
It is the centre of an immense population. 

Mr. Charles Schmidt, a European, was in the employ of 


24 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ° 


the Chinese government during the Taiping Rebellion. 
After its close he engaged in business, but was unsuccessful. 
In conversation with Rev. David D. Green, he said he had 
been unfortunate in business because of the hard times, when 
Mr. Green asked if he did not think God had something to 
do with it. The words brought him silently to acknowledge 
God, and prepared the way for his conversion. He had 
married a Chinese wife, and both became members of the 
Presbyterian Church in Shanghai. Supported in part by 
his own means, he undertook evangelistic work in Soochow 
in 1868. Rev. and Mrs. George F. Fitch came to his assist- 
ance, and in 1871 a mission station was formally established. 
Rev. W. S. Holt and wife arrived in 1873. 

Two churches and several street chapels are the centres 
of work in the city. With great difficulty property was 
bought for a missionary residence in Lion Mountain, an out- 
station from which itinerating tours are constantly made. 

A boys’ boarding-school, opened in 1893 has 43 pupils. 
Of their own motive, the boys have formed a Mission 
Band, to support a Chinese worker. Eight day-schools aie 
carried on, with 104 pupils. ; 

There has always been a strong anti-foreign feeling in 
Soochow, which was intensified by the excitement of the 
war with Japan and the humiliating peace in 1895. ‘This 
has retarded the work to some extent. 

Hangchow, the provincial capital of Chekiang, 
Hangchow is 156 miles northwest of Ningpo. It has a 

population of 500,000, and is a stronghold of 
idolatry.. Around this city is a population of 1,500,000, 
and no other missionaries are working among them. It was 
occupied as a station in 1859 by Rev. J. L. Nevius, but as 
the treaty did not then allow residence in the interior, he was 
not able to remain. ‘Two native churches were, however, 
the result of his sojourn here. 

In 1865 mission work was permanently established by 
Rev. D. D. Green, who was soon joined by Rev. S. Dodd 
and wife. | 

Two churches, one entirely self-supporting, and two 
chapels, are cared for by native pastors, under the super- 
vision of the mission. 

The Boys’ High School has 53 pupils, with a course of 
study covering ten years. ‘The excellent scientific training 
given attracts much attention from the educated classes. 
Three day-schools for boys and one for girls have been 


THE MISSIONS IN CHINA. 25 


opened. There is a Y. M. C. A. which does much good 
and maintains a library and reading-room. 

Ten out-stations are connected with Hangchow, giving 
- unlimited opportunity for evangelistic work. 

Nanking, about one hundred and eighty miles 
Nanking northwest of Shanghai, on the Yang-tse Kiang, 

was occupied as a missicn station in 1876 by 
Rev. Albert Whiting and Rev. Charles Leaman, after a long 
struggle with the mandarins, who endeavored to interpret 
the treaty in such a manner as to exclude missionaries. Mr. 
Whiting sacrificed his life in 1878 while engaged in relieving 
the famine sufferers in Shensi province. 

Five years elapsed before land could be obtained suitable 
for the mission buildings, owing to the prejudice against 
foreigners, which is exceedingly strongin Nanking. During 
1892, when so many riotous outbreaks occurred, the mission- 
aries were obliged to leave the city and close the schools for 
atime. But the people were quiet and friendly all through 
the war with Japan, and a remarkable proclamation issued 
by the Prefect of Nanking after the Sz-chuen riots declared 
that ‘‘the missionaries all are really good, and are working 
to save and help the poor. All villains creating disturbance 
will be severely punished.’’ 

A church organized in 1893 has 100 members. ‘There 
are three street chapels, where two elderly Chinese merchants 
are most useful in preaching and witnessing for Christ. 
Three out-stations are maintained. 

The girls’ school, opened by Mrs. Leaman in 1885, has 
had rich spiritual blessing. There are 28 boarders, all of 
whom rejoice in unbound feet. The boys’ boarding-school 
begun in 1889 by the late Rev. R. E. Abbey, has about 30 
pupils. ‘There is a training-class for Bible-women, and 5 
day-schools. 

Owing to the fact that the mandarin dialect spoken in 
Nanking is understood by one hundred millions of people, 
the educational work done here is likely to have influence 
far beyond the limits of this one city. 


HERS TACLES. 


Those most often referred to by our missionaries may be 
briefly stated as follows: 

(1) Ancestral worship. The Chinese look upon this as 
one of the requirements of filial piety. According to Rev. 
John Butler, it is the greatest obstacle. ‘‘It has entered 


26 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 


into the very bones and marrow of the people. It is re- 
markably suited to corrupt human nature. Free from gross 
and vulgar rites, sanctioned by Confucius, it wields a power 
it is impossible to compute.’’ ; 

(2) The lack of suitable words in the language to ex- 
press religious ideas. Many of the words that must be 
employed have heathen associations connected with them, 
and are to a great extent misleading. 

(3) Society is not adjusted to the observance of the 
Sabbath. Many possible converts stumble at this require- 
ment, and advance no further. ‘The case is said to be much 
the same as if a clerk in one of our cities should be absent 
from his work every Wednesday. He would expect to lose 
his position. 

(4) The pride and self-sufficiency of the Chinese. A 
firm belief in the superiority of their own institutions. 

(5) The fact that Christianity is a foreign doctrine, and 
is presented by foreigners. 

(6) The degrading superstitions of the people. 

(7) The non-Christian conduct of foreigners residing in 
China. 

(8) The treatment of the Chinese by foreign nations: 
(a) They have been persecuted in the United States; (0) 
Opium has been forced upon them by England, a professedly 
Christian nation. ‘‘Surely it is impossible,’’ said a China- 
man, ‘‘that men who bring in this infatuating poison * * * 
can either wish me well or do me good.’’ 

(9) The degrading and demoralizing effects of the use 
of opium. 

(10) A national contempt for the education of women. 

(11) The inhuman custom of foot-binding, which Chris- 
tianity cannot tolerate. Chinese mothers would rather 
secure small feet for their daughters than allow them to en- 
joy the benefits of a Christian education. 


ENCOURAGEMENT’ES. 


Among the encouragements may be mentioned the fol- 
lowing ; 

(1) The religions of China do not appeal to the affec- 
tions, although Confucianism makes a great deal of the 
worship of ancestors. At heart the people care little for 
their idols. They need Christianity, though few of them 
seem to desire it. 

(2) Prejudice is giving way as the Chinese learn more of 


THE MISSIONS IN CHINA. ory 


the doctrines of the Bible and the character of the mission- 
aries. A most favorable impression has been made upon the 
minds of natives during late famines by the self-denying 
labors of missionaries. A native, writing for a Shanghai 
paper, said of this: ‘‘Let us, then, cherish a grateful 
admiration for the charity and wide benevolence of the 
missionary whose sacrifice of self and love toward mankind 
can be carried out with earnestness like this. Let us ap- 
plaud too the mysterious efficacy and activity of the doctrine 
of Jesus, of which we have these proofs.’’ Li Hung Chang, 
whose influence is probably greater than that of any other 
official in China, gave similar testimony in the following 
language: ‘‘The religion of Jesus must exert a powerful 
influence on the hearts of its followers, when it leads them 
to give even their lives in endeavoring to save the people of 
Rohit: 

(3) The large increase in the number of converts and the 
fact that they are in greater proportion from the higher classes. 

(4) The character of converts to the gospel. In answer 
to the question, What kind of Christians are found among 
the Chinese? the testimony of those who have studied 
Chinese life and character may be given. Dr. Nevius says: 
‘Their lives are often marked by a beautiful, unquestioning 
faith. ‘There are few doubting Christians: they have not 
yet reached the point of skeptical misgivings. Their prayers 
have often a practical and childlike simplicity.’’ The testi- 
mony of another is: ‘‘ When the religion of Christ really 
gets hold of some of them they become wonderfully trans- 
formed. ‘The stolid apathy is exchanged for an earnestness 
and enthusiasm that one hardly deemed possible for them ; 
and they do things that one only looked for as the result of 
long training in Christianity.’’ Dr. Happer says that some 
of the converts to the gospel in China have witnessed to the 
sincerity of their profession by enduring scourgings, stonings, 
stripes and imprisonments for the gospel, and in some cases 
have sealed their testimony with their blood. Rev. W. 
Fleming Stevenson, secretary of the Irish Presbyterian 
mission, after a tour of observation round the world, re- 
ported, ‘‘I have found nowhere in Christian lands men and 
women of a higher type than I met in China—of a finer 
spiritual experience, of a higher spiritual tone or a nobler 
spiritual life ;’’ and he adds, ‘I came away with the con- 
viction that there are in the native churches in China not 
only the elements of stability, but of that steadfast and 


28 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 


irresistible revolution which will carry over the whole empire 
to the new faith.’’ Dr. Williams says it is not known that 
any member of the Yesu Azao has ever been condemned 
before the courts for any crime. 

Chinese Christians exhibit strength and nobility of 
character. ‘They love Christian work, and are efficient in 
doing it. ‘They not only aim at self-support, but when that 
is attained are ready to help send the gospel to others. 

Christianity has gained entrance into China. Neander, 
in 1850, said this would be ‘‘a great step toward the 
Christianizing of our planet.”’ More than this one step has 
been taken Converts are multiplying ; prophecy is being 
fulfilled. ‘‘ And these from the land of Sinim.’’ 


STATISTICS, 1897. 


é tT ee Z 

wo a“ = 8 6. n eek > 

gis S4ckiehi Moiese 

siFlal 3 che Nee chs 25 2 

Th coy Ee 3 = fons av ao 2B 

218 /s = ROS ‘8 = S| 

30 1S NOE: RN BOE 2) BIBS oak lancet 

Sod |v ay | a Ze G4 fed EASE bs 
Canton Mission.....| 34| 3/16] 1,651 | 902) 360)............... 671 989-S08 
Central *S  .0s| -48/TIO}IO} F;255 1° 598|- 797] 46,200,965} Fo tescscetcas 
Hainan ‘£ VS AEPILG a Oh ir ACIS. ASS. SU ites ers ee I 4,476 
Peking Se Apo ae 2G peeoo dl S77 Oa! BO Blues aos deeeeeoe 5: 2053480 
Shantung, Hast......| 24/242|/12) 1,150 | 831| 687 60,000; I | 10,218 
a WeEStie ogo tt ole! 25522 Thiel oes deere cee 9 | 49,627 
Totals: a2a4 185|511|72| 7,990 |3687,2145| 46,360,965| 23 |148,866 


STATIONS, 1897. 


CANTON MISSION. 


CANTON, J. G. Kerr, M.D., L.L,D., and Mrs. Kerr, Rev. B. C. 
Henry, DD., and Mrs. Henry, Rev. H. V. Noyes, D.D., and Mrs. 
Noyes, Rev. A. A. Fulton and Mrs. Fulton, Rev. Andrew Beattie and 
Mrs. Beattie, J. M. Swan, M. D., and Mrs. Swan, Rev. E. W. Thwing 
and Mrs. Thwing, Miss H. Noyes, Miss EK. M. Butler, Miss H. Lewis, 
Miss M. W. Niles, M.D., Miss M. H. Fulton, M.D., Miss Julia Henry. 


LIEN CHOow, E. C. Machle, M.D., and Mrs. Machle. Rev. W. H. 
Lingle and Mrs. Lingle, Rev. C. H. Kelly and Mrs. Kelly, Miss L,. 
Tohnston, Miss Eleanor Chestnut, M.D. 


YEUNG KONG, Rev. G. W. Marshall. 


THE MISSIONS IN CHINA. 29 


KANG Hau, Rev. C. W. Swan and Mrs. Swan, C. E. Reed, M.D., 
and Mrs. Reed. 


Professor in the Christian College: Rev. J. J. Boggs and Mrs. 
Boggs. 


CENTRAL CHINA MISSION. 


NINGPO, on the Ningpo River, 12 miles from the sea; occupied as 
a mission station, 1845; laborers—Rev. J. N. B. Smith, D.D., and Mrs. 
Smith, Rey. J. E. Shoemaker aud Mrs Shoemaker, Rev. E. B. Ken- 
nedy, Miss Annie R. Morton, Miss Edwina Cuuningham, Miss Lavinia 
M. Rollestone; 1 ordained preacher, g licentiates, 25 teachers and 
helpers. 


SHANGHAI, on the Woosong River, 14 miles from the sea; occu- 
pied as a mission station, 1850; laborers—Rev J. W. M. Farnham, 
D.D., and Mrs. Farnham, Rev. J. A. Silsby and Mrs. Silsby, Rev. 
George E. Partch and Mrs. Partch, Rev. G. F. Fitch and Mrs. Fitch, 
Mr. Gilbert McIntosh and Mrs. McIntosh, Miss Mary Posey, Miss 
Mary E. Cogdal, Miss K. A. Lindholm, Miss Emma Silver; 3 ordained 
preachers, 2 licentiates, 24 teachers and helpers. 


HanGcHow, the provincial capital of Chekiang province, 150 
miles northwest of Ningpo; occupied as a mission station, 1859; labor- 
ers—Reyv. J. H. Judson and Mrs. Judson, Rev. J. C. Garritt and Mrs. 
Garritt, Rev. E. L. Mattox and Mrs. Mattox, Mrs. L. J. Doolittle, Rev. 
J. C. Hallock; 5 ordained preachers, 5 licentiates, 6 teachers and 
helpers. 


SoocHow, 70 miles from Shanghai; occupied as a mission station; 
1871; laborers—Rev. J. N. Hayes and Mrs. Hayes, Rev. D. N. Lyon 
and Mrs. Lyon, Rev. Joseph Bailie and Mrs. Bailie; 2 liceutiates, 16 
teachers and other helpers. 


NANKING, on the Yang-tse-Kiang River, 90 miles from its 
niouth; occupied asa mission station, 1876; laborers—Rev. Charles 
Leaman and Mrs. Leaman, Rev. W. J. Drummond and Mrs. Drum- 
mond, Rev. J. W. Houston and Mrs. Houston, Rev. W. N. Crozier 
and Mrs. Crozier, Mrs. L. S. Abbey, Miss Mary Lattimore, Miss E. E. 
Dresser, Miss A. L. Howe; I licentiate, 11 teachers ahd other helpers. 


HAINAN MISSION. 


HAINAN, an island on the southeast coast; occupied 1885 ; estab- 
lished as a Mission 1893. 


Kiunce Cuow, laborers—Rev. F. P. Gilman and Mrs Gilman, 
H. M. McCandliss, M.D., and Mrs. McCandliss, Rev. P. W. McClin- 
tock and Mrs. McClintock, Rev. C. H. Newton and Mrs. Newton, 
Miss Etta Montgomery and Miss Kate L. Schaeffer; 1 licentiate and I 
native helper. 

Nopoa, laborers—Rev. J. C. Melrose and Mrs. Melrose, Rev. 
William J. Leverett, E. D. Vanderburg, M.D., and Mrs. Vanderburg, 
1 licentiate and 3 helpers and teachers. 

LOKLAH, opened as Station 1896 ; laborers—Mr. C. C. Jeremiassen 
and Mrs Jeremiassen. 


30 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 


PEKING MISSION. 


PEKING, the capital of China; occupied in 1863 ; laborers—Rev. 
John Wherry, D.D,, and Mrs. Wherry, Rev. J. L. Whiting and Mrs. 
Whiting, Rev. A. M. Cunningham and Mrs. Cunningham, Rev. C. 
H. Fenn and Mrs. Fenn, Dr. Robert Coltman, Jr., and Mrs. Coltman, 
Miss Eliza KB. Leonard, M.D., Miss Grace Newton, Miss Bessie McCoy, 
Miss Jennie McKillican. 


PAOTINGFU, occupied 1893; laborers—Rev. J. W. Lowrie. Rev. 
J. A. Miller and Mrs. Miller, Rev. F. K. Simcox and Mrs. Simcox, Dr. 
G. Yardley Taylor, Mrs. A. P. Lowrie, Dr. B. C. Atterbury and Mrs. 
Atterbury. 


EAST SHANTUNG MISSION. 


TUNGCHOW, on the coast, 55 miles northwest of Chefoo; occupied 
1861; laborers—Rev. C. W. Mateer, D.D., and Mrs. Mateer, Rev. 
W. M. Hayes and Mrs. Hayes, W. F. Seymour, M.D., and Mrs. Sey- 
mour, Rev. J. P. Irwin and Mrs. Irwin, Mrs. A. T. Mills, Miss A. M. 
Snodgrass, Miss Rebecca Y. Miller, Charles Lewis, M.D., Rev. H. W. 
Luce and Mrs. Luce; 1 ordained native and 6native teachers. 


CHEFOO, the chief foreign port of Shantung; occupied 1862; laborers 
—Rev. Hunter Corbett, D.D., and Mrs. Corbett, Rev. George S. Hayes 
and Mrs. Hayes, Rev. Paul D. Bergen and Mrs. Bergen, Rev. George 
Cornwell and Mrs. Cornwell, Rev. W. W. Elterich and Mrs. Elterich, 
Mrs. John LL. Nevius, I ordaincd native, 39 licentiates, 9 Bible-women. 


WEST SHANTUNG MISSION. 


CHINANFU, capital of the Shantung Province, 300 miles south of 
Peking ; occupied in 1872; laborers—Rey. W. B. Hamilton and Mrs. 
Hamilton, Rev. L. J. Davies and Mrs. Davies, J. B. Neal, M.D., and 
Mrs. Neal, Rev. V. F. Partch and Mrs. Partch ; 18 helpers and 1 Bible 
woman. 


WEI HIEN, 150 miles southwest of Tungchow; occupied 1882 ; 
laborers—Reyv. R. M. Mateer and Mrs. Mateer, Rev. F. H. Chalfant 
and Mrs. Chalfant, Rev. J. A. Fitch and Mrs. Fitch, W. R. Faries, 
M.D., and Mrs. Faries, Miss Emma F. Boughton, Miss Mary: Brown. 
M.D., Miss Fanny E. Wight, Mrs. M. M. Crossette ; 20 licentiates, 3 
Bible-women. 


ICHOWEFU, 150 miles southeast of Chefoo ; occupied 1891 ; laborers 
—Rev. W. P. Chalfant and Mrs. Chalfant, Rev. C. A. Killie and Mrs. 
Killie, C. F. Johnson, M.D , and Mrs. Johnson, Miss A. M. Larsen, 
M.D.; 9 native assistants, 3 Bible-women. 


CHINING CHOW, I50 miles southwest of Chinanfu ; occupied 1892; 
laborers—Rev. J. H. Laughlin and Mrs. Laughlin, J L. Van Schoick, 
M.D., and Mrs. Van Schoick, Rev. R. H. Bent and Mrs. Bent, M.D , 
Mrs. Lucy Lane, Miss Emma Andersen, and Miss M J. Hill, M.D; 
18 licentiates, 2 Bible-women. 


THE MISSIONS IN CHINA. 


MISSIONARIES IN CHINA, 1838-1897. 


31 


*Died. +Transferred from the American Board. Figures, term of Service in the 


Field. 


*Abbey, Rev. Robt. E., 1882-1890 
Abbey, Mrs. (Mrs. A. 
M. Whiting, 1873), 1882 


Allen, H. N., M.D., 1883-1884 
Allen, Mrs., 1883-1884 
Anderson, Miss S. J., 

Ror Ae, 1877-1880 
Anderson, Miss K., 1887-1894 


Atterbury, B. C., M.D., 13879 
Atterbury, Mrs. (Miss 
Mary Lowrie, 1883), 1890 


Barr, Miss M. E , 1877-1883 
Bailie, Rev. Joseph, 1891 
Bailie, Mrs. Effie Wor- 

ley, M.D., 1890 


Baird, Miss Margaret, 1883-1888 
Beattie, Rev. Andrew, 1889 


Beattie, Mrs., 1891 
Beattie, Dr. D. A., 1892-1895 
Beattie, Mrs., 1892-1895 
Bent, Rev. R. H., 1893 


Bent, Mrs. (Sarah 
Poindexter, M.D.,) 1894 

Berry, Miss M. L., 1882-1885 

Bergen, Rev. Paul D., 1883 


Bergen, Mrs., 1883 
Blisspose:, WL D., 1873-1874 
Boggs, Rev. J.J.,; 1894 


Boggs, Mrs., (Bliss, 

Ruth C., M.D., ’92) 1895 
Boughton, Miss HE. F., 1889 
Brown, Rev. Hugh A., 1845-1848 


Brown, Mary, M.D., 1889 
*Butler, Rev. John, 1868-1885 
Butler, Mrs. (Miss F. 
EK. Harshburger, 
1875-), 1877-1892 
Butler, Miss EK. M., 1881 
*Byers, Rev. John, 1852-1853 
Byers, Mrs., 1852-1853 
*Capp, Rev. E. P., 1869-1873 
*Capp, Mrs. (Miss M. 
J., Brown, 1867-) 1870-1883 
Carrow, F M D., 1876-1878 
Carrow, Mrs. F., 1876-1878 


Chalfant, Rev. W. P., 1885 
Chalfant, Mrs (Miss 
Lulu Boyd, 1887—), 1888 
Chalfant, Rev. F. H., 1887 
Chalfant, Mrs., 1887 


Chapin, Rev. Oliver 
H 


Mh 
Chapin, Mrs., 
Chestnut, Eleanor, 
M D., 
Coltman, Robt. J. 
(M.D.), 
Coltman, Mrs., 
Cogdal, Miss M. E., 
Cole, Mr. Richard, 
Cole, Mrs. R., 
Condit, Rev. Ira M., 
*Condit, Mrs. Laura, 
Cooley, Miss A. S., 
Corbett, Rev. Hunter 


J. 
*Corbett, Mrs. H., 
*Corbett, Mrs., 
Corbett, Mrs., 
Cornwell, Rev. G., 
Cornwell, Mrs., 


*Coulter, Mr. Moses S., 


Coulter, Mrs. C. E., 


1882-1886 
1882-1886 


1893 


1885 
1885 
1890 
1844-1847 
1844-1847 
1860-1867 
1860-1866 
1878-1879 


1863 
1864-1873 
1875-1888 
1889 
1892 
1892 
1849-1852 
1849-1854 


*Crossette, Rev. J. F., | 1870-1879 


Crossette, Mrs., 
Crozier, Rev. W. N., 
Crozier, Mrs., 


*Culbertson, Rev. M S. 


Culbertson, Mrs., 

Cunningham, Rev A. 
M., 

Cunningham, Mrs., 


Cunningham, Miss E., 


1870-79-90 
1891 
1894 
1844-1862 
1844-1862 


1890 
1890 
1891 


*Danforth, Rev. Joshua 


Tey 
*Danforth, Mrs., 
Davies, Rev. L. J., 
Davies, Mrs., 
Dickey, Miss E. G., 
Dodd, Rev. Samuel, 


1859-1863 
1859-1861 
1892 
1892 
1873-1875 
1861-1878 


Dodd, Mrs. (Miss S. L. 


Green), 


1864-1878 


Donaldson, Henrietta, 


M.D., 
*Doolittle, Rev. J., 


1893-1895 
1872-1873 


Doolittle, Mrs. L. J., 1872-73-94 


Downing, Miss C. B., 
Dresser, Miss E. E., 
Drummond, Rev., W. 


J. 


1866-1880 
1894 


1890 


a2 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 


Drummond, Mrs., 


(Miss Law), 1891 
Eckard, Rev. L. W., 1869-1874 
Eckard, Mrs., 1869-1874 


Elterich, Rev. W. O., 1889 


Elterich, Mrs , 1889 
Faries, W.R.,M.D., 1889 
Faries, Mrs., 1890 
Faris, Rev. W.5., 1896 
Faris, Mrs., 1896 
Farnham, Rev. J. M 

W., 1860 | 
Farnham, Mrs. 1860 ' 


Farnham, Miss L. D., 1882-1885 
Fenn, Rev. C. H., 1893 
Fenn, Mrs , 1893 


Fisher, Rev. E. P., 1895-1897 
Fitch, Rev. G. F.,T 1870 
Fitch, Mrs. Mary, 1870 
Fitch; Revof. 7., 1889 


Fitch, Mrs., 1889 
Folsom, Rey. Arthur, 1863-1868 
Folsom, Mrs., 1863-1868 
*French, Rev. John B., 1846-1858 
French, Mrs. Mary L., 1851-1858 


Fulton, Rev. A. A., 1881 

Fulton, Mrs., 1884 

Fulton, Miss M. H., 
M.D., 1884 


Gamble, Mr. William, 1858-1869 


Garritt; Rev.J °C: 1889 
Garritt, Mrs., 1892 
*Gayley, Rev. S. R., 1858-1862 
Gayley, Mrs., 1858-1862 
Gill, Rev.:C. O77 1895-1897 
Gill, Mrs., 1895-1897 
Gilman, Rev. F. P., 1885 
Gilman, Mrs., 1885 


*Green, Rev. David D., 1859-1872 


Green, Mrs., 1859-1872 
Groves, Rev. S.B, 1891-1895 
Groves, Mrs., 1891-1895 


Hallock,Rev. H. G. C.,1896 
Hamilton, Rev. W. B., 1888 | 
*Hamilton, Mrs., 1888-1889 
Hamilton, Mrs. (Miss 
Woods), 1893 
*Happer, Rev. A. P., 1844-1894 
*Happer, Mrs. Elizabeth 
B 1847-1865 


*Happer, Mrs., 1869-1873 

Happer, Mrs. (Miss H. 
J. Shaw, 1870-), 1876-1894 
Happer, Miss Lucy, 1869-1871 
1871-1880 


*Happer, Miss Lily, 


Happer, Miss Mary 

M., 1879-1884 

Happer, Miss Alverda, 1880-1888 
Hawes, MissC. H., 1896 
Hayes, Rev. John N., 1882 
. Hayes, Mrs., 1882 
| Hayes, Rev.Watson M.1882 


Hayes, Mrs., 1882 
* Hays, Rev. Geo. S., 1886-1895 
Hays, Mrs. F. C., 1886-1895 
Henry; RevnB. Ce 1873 
Henry, Mrs., 1873 
. Henry, Miss J. N., 1896 
Hepburn, James C., 
M.D., 1841-1846 
Hepburn, Mrs., 1841-1846 


Hill, Miss M. J.,M.D., 1895 


Holt, Rev. W. S., 1873-1885 
Holt, Mrs., 1873-1885 
Houston, Miss B., 1878-1879 


} Houston, Rev. T. W , 1891 


Houston, Mrs., 1891 . 
Iiowe, Miss A. L., 1896 
Hunter,’ Rey: S. A:, 
M.D, 1879-1892 
Hunter, Mrs., 1879-1892 
*Inslee, Rev. Elias B., 1857-1861 
*Inslee, Mrs., 1857-1861 
Irwitt Revo Jer:: 1893 
Irwin, Mrs., 1893 
tJackson, Rev. F. W., 1892-1895 
Jeremiassen, C. C., 1885 


Jeremiassen, Mrs. (Miss 
Suter),..= 1891 
Johnston, Miss Louise, 1889 


Johnson, Rev. C. F., 1889 
Johnson, Mrs., 1889 
Judson, Rev. J. H., 1880 
Judson, Mrs., 1880 
Kelsey, Miss A. D. H., 

M.D., 1878-1884 


Kennedy, Rev. E. B., 1894 


Kerr,-J.'G7) MiD;; 1854 
*Kerr, Mrs., 1854-1855 
*Kerr, Mrs., 1858-1885 

Kerr, Mrs. (Miss M. E. 

Noyes, 1873-), 1886 
Ferlié Rey oC VAG; 1889 
Killie, Mrs., 1889 
Langdon, Rev. Wm., 1888-1891 

*Lane, Rev. Wm., 1889-1896 

Lane, Mrs., 1889-1896 


Lane, Miss Emma F., 1889-1894 
Larsen, Anna M., 


M. De 1892 


THE MISSIONS IN CHINA. Bo 


Laughlin, Rev. J. *Mclivaine, Rev. J. S., 1868-1881 


Hood, 1881 *McKee, Rev. W. J., 1878-1894 
*Laughlin, Mrs., 1881-1884 McKee, Mrs. (Miss A. 
Laughlin, Mrs. (Miss P. Ketchum), 1876-1894 

Jennie Anderson, McKillican, Miss Jen- 

1878-), 1886 nie, 1888 
Lattimore, Miss Mary, 1888 Machle, EK. C., M.D., 1889 
Leaman, Rev. Chas., 1874 Machle, Mrs., 1889 
Leaman, Mrs. Lucy A. Marcellus, Rev. A., 1869-1870 

(Miss Crouch, 1873-),1878 Marcellus, Mrs., 1869-1870 


7 Leonard, Eliza E,, Marshall, Rev. G. W., 1895 


*McBryde, Rev. T. L., 1840-1843 


McBryde, Mrs., 1840-1843 
McCandliss, H. M., 

MeD:; 1885 
McCandliss, Mrs., 1888 
McCartee, Rev. D. B., 

M.D., 1844-1873 


McCartee, Mrs. Juana, 1852-1873 
*McChesney, Rev. W. 


E., 1869-1872 
McChesney, Mrs., 1869-1872 
McClintock, Rev. P. 

W., 1892 
McClintock, Mrs., 1892 
McCoy, Rev. D.,f 1869-1891 
McCoy, Mrs , 1869-1891 


McIntosh, Mr. Gilbert,1891 
McIntosh, Mrs., 1891 


M.D., 1895 Martin, Rev. W. A. P., 1850-1869 
Leverett, Rev. W.J., 1893 Martin, Mrs., 1850-1869 
Lewis, Miss Harriett, 1883 Matthewson, J. M., : 
Lewis, Charles, M.D , 1896 OTe 1883-1887 

*Lewis, Mrs., 1896-1897 Mateer, Rev. C. W., 1864 
*Leyenberger, Rev. J. Mateer, Mrs., 1864 
: Ary 1866-1895 Mateer, Mr. J.'L., 1872-1875 
Leyenberger, Mrs., 1866-1895 Mateer, Rev. R. M., 1881 
Lindholm, Miss EH. A., 1895 *Mateer, Mrs , 1881-1888 
*Lingle, Rev. W. H., 1890 Mateer, Mrs. (Miss 
*Lingle, Mrs., 1890-1893 Dickson, M.D., 
Lingle, Mrs, (Mrs. 1889-), 1891 

Ritchie), 1896 Mateer, Mrs. S. A., 1881-1886 

*Tloyd, Rev. John, 1844-1848 Mateer, Miss Lillian K.1881—-1882 
Loomis, Rev. A. W,, 1844-1850 Mattox, Rev. E.L., 1893 
Loomis, Mrs., 1844-1850 Mattox, Mrs., 1893 

*Lowrie, Rev. Walter Melrose, Rev. J.C., 1890 

M., 1842-1847 Melrose, Mrs , 1890 

*Lowrie, Rev. Reuben, 1854-1860 Miller, Rev. J. A., 1893 
Lowrie, Mrs. Amelia Miller, Mrs., 1893 

Pr: 1854-1860; 1883 Miller, Miss R. Y., 1893 
Lowrie, Rev. J. Walter, 1883 *Mills, Rev. C. R., 1857-1895 
Luce, Rev. H. W., 1897 *Mills, Mrs., 1857-1874 
Luce, Mrs., 1897 Mills, Mrs., 1884 
Lyon, Rev. D.N., 1869-81-86 Mills, Rev. Frank V., 1882-1889 
Lyon, Mrs., 1869-81-86 Mills, Mrs., 1882-1891 


*Mitchell, Rev. John A.1838-1858 
Montgomiery, Miss Etta1894 

*Morrison, Rev.Wm.T., 1860-1869 

«Morrison, Mrs. M. E., 1860-1876 


Morton, Miss A. R., 18g0 
Murray, Rey. John, 1876-1895 
Murray, Mrs , 1876-1895 
Murray, Miss E.., 1895-1896 
*Nevius, Rev. J. L., 1854-1893 


Nevius, Mrs. H.S C.,1854 
Neal, James, B., M.D.,1883 
Neal, Mrs., 1883 
Newton, Miss Grace, 1887 
Niles,Miss M.W.,M.D.1882 
Noyes, Rev. Henry V.,1866 
*Noyes, Mrs.Cynthia C., 1866 
Noyes, Mrs. A. A., 1876 
Noyes, Miss H., 1868 


34 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 


*Orr, Rey..R. W., 1838-1841 

*Orr, Mrs., 1838-1841 
Partch, Rev. V.F., 1888 
Partch, Mrs., 1888 
Partch, Rev. G. H., 1895 
Partch, Mrs., 1895 


*Patrick, Miss Mary M.,1869-1871 
Patterson, J. P., M.D., 1871-1874 
Poindexter, Sarah A., 


MDs 1895 

Posey, Miss Mary, 1888 
*Preston, Rev. C. F., 1854-1877 
Preston, Mrs , 1854-1877 


Quarterman, Rev. J.W.1846-1857 
*Rankin, Rev. Henry V.1848-1863 
Rankin, Mrs. Mary G., 1848-1864 


,_ Reid, Rev. Gilbert, 1882-1894 
*Ritchie, Rev. E. G., 1889-1890 
Ritchie, Mrs., 1889 
Ritchie, Miss M. B., 1893-1894 


Roberts, Rev. J. S., 

1861-65 ; 1874-78 
Roberts, Mrs., 1861-65 ; 1874-78 
Rollestone, Miss L. M.,1894 
Schaeffer, Miss K. L., 1893 
Schmucker, Miss. A. J.1878-1879 


Sellers, Miss M. R., 1874-1876 
Seymour, Dr. W. F., 1894 
Seymour, Mrs., 1894 
*Shaw, Rev. J. M., 1874-1876 
Shaw, Mrs., 1874-1887 


Shoemaker, Rev. J. E.,1894 


Shoemaker, Mrs., 1894 
Silsby, Rev. J. A., 1887 
Silsby, Mrs., 1887 
Silver, Miss Emma, 1895 
Simcox, Rev. F. E.,. 1893 
Simcox, Mrs., 1893 
Sinclair, Marion K., 
M.D., 1888-1894 


Smith, Horace R.,M.D.1881-1884 
Smith, Mrs., 1881-1884 
Smith, Rev. John N.B.,1881 
Smith, Mrs., (Miss 


Strong, 1882) 1885 


Snodgrass, Miss M. A.,1892 
Speer, Rev. William, 1846-1850 
*Speer, Mrs. Cornelia, 1846-1847 
Street, Rev. A. E., 1892-1897 
Stubbert, J. E.,MD., 1881-188r 
Swan, John M., M.D., 1885 


Swan, Mrs., 1885 
Swan, Rev. C. W., 1884 
Swan, Mrs., M.D., 1894 


Taylor, Geo. Y., M.D.,1882 


Terrill, C.S.,.M.D., 1893-1895 
Terrill, Mrs., 1893-1895 
Thomson, Rey J. C., 

M.D., 1881-1894 
Thomson, Mrs , 1881-1894 
Tiffany, Miss Ida, 1881-1882 
Thwing, Rev. E. W , 1892 
Thwing, Mrs., 1892 
Thwing, Miss G., 1892-1894 
Van Schoick, J. L., 

M.D., 1890 
Van Schoick, Mrs., 1890 
Vanderburg, E. D., 

M.D., 1894 
Vanderburg, Mrs., 1894 
Ward, Miss Ellen, 1885-1888 
Warner, Miss S. O., 1878-1890 
Way ARevar.O> 1844-1858 
Way, Mrs., 1844-1858 
Wherry, Rev. John, 1864 
Wherry, Mrs., 1864 


*White, Rev. Wellington1881-1891 
White, Mrs., 1881-1891 
*Whiting, Rev. A M., 1873-1878 
Whiting, Rev. J. L.,f 1869 
Whiting, Mrs., 1869 
Wight, Rev. Jos K., 1848—1857 
*Wight, Mrs., 1848-1857 
Wight, Miss Fanny E.,1885 
Wisner, Rev.O. F, 1885-1894 
Wisner, Mrs. (Miss 
Sophie Preston ,1887) 1889-1894 
Wisner, Miss J., 1885-1889 
*Young, Rev. J.N, 1891-1893 


BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 


Across Chryse. 
A Chinese Slave Girl. 


A. R. Colquhoun. 2v. 42s. 
Rey. J. A. Davis. 


$1.40. 


A Corner of Cathay. Adéle M. Fields 
A Cycle of Cathay. Rev. W. A. P. Martin. 


Among the Mongols. J. Gilmour. 
Boy Travelers in China and Japan. J. M. Knox. 
2.Vs 


China. Archdeacon Gray. 


2s. 6d. 
$2.00. 


THE MISSIONS IN CHINA. 55 


China Opened. C. F. A. Gutzlaff. 2.v. 245. 

China and the Chinese. J... Nevius. $1.50. 

China and the United States. Rev. Wm. Speer. 

Chinese Buddhism. J. Edkins. 80 cents. 

Chinese Characteristics. Smith 

Confucianism and Taoism. R.K. Douglas. $1.25. 

Days of Blessing in Inland China. 1s. 6d 

Everyday Lifein China. E. J. Dukes. $1.25. 

Five Years in China. C. P. Bush. 80 cents. 

Aaa of Christian Missions in China (published in Shanghai). 
1.50. 

In the Far East. Geraldine Guinness. $1.50. 

Life of John L. Nevius. H. Nevius. 

Ling Nam. Rev. B. C. Henry, D.D. 

Origin of First Protestant Mission to China. W. W. Moseley, 5s. 

Our Life in China. Helen S.C. Nevius. $1.50. 

Pagoda Shadows. Adéle M. Fields. $1.00. 

Religions of China. Rev. James Legge. $2.50. 

Reports of Shanghai Conference. 1877-1896. 

The Chinese. W.A.P. Martin. $1.75. 

The Chinese Classics. James Legge. $3.50. 

The Cross and the Dragon. Rev. B.C. Henry. $2.00. 

The Land of the Lamas. W. W. Rockhill. 

The Middle Kingdom. S. Wells Williams. 2 v. $9.00. 

The Real Chinaman. Chester Holcomb. 

Wanderings in China. C. F. Gordon-Cumming. 2v. 255. 

Western China. Rev. Virgil Hart. 

When I was a Boy in China, Yan Phon Lec. 60 cents. 


The Chinese in the United States. 


“Four thousand years ago, on the plains of Western 
Asia, three brothers parted. One went south, peopling 
Africa. Another went westward, spreading over Europe, 
striking across the Atlantic to our continent, and has kept 
pushing his way westward until now he dwells on these 
Pacific shores. The other brother went eastward—on to 
China and Japan. He has struck across the Pacific to these 
shores, and so here these two brothers meet, after being 
separated 4ooo years. At first they did not recognize each 
other as brothers—it had been so long since they met—but 
now they are beginning to realize this fact. Here in our 
land these two races meet and intermingle—the zewest and 
the oldest nations of the world.’ 

The Chinese began to come to the United States in 1848. 
They are all from Kwangtung province, and speak the Can- 
tonese dialect. The majority are young men, the average 


36 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 


age being about twenty-five years. They do not come here 
for permanent residence. Retaining their own habits and 
customs and their love for China, they do not assimilate with 
Americans, but are strangers in a strange land. ‘Their chiet 
purpose in coming is to sell their labor formoney. Not only 
do they expect to return; the Companies that bring them 
are bound by contract to carry back their bodies if they die 
here. ‘The average time that they actually remain is less 
than five years. Coming from the middle class of Chinese 
society, they are, as a rule, peaceable and industrious, while 
many exhibit enterprise and energy. 

The Chinese Restriction Law was passed by Congress 
May 6, 1882, and amended July 5, 1884. In 1888 what is 
called the ‘‘ Exclusion Act’’ was passed, and since then 
the excess of departures over arrivals has been even greater 
than under the Restriction Laws. Many of those returning 
to China have been Christian converts, and have carried 
with them in their lives as well as in their hands the Gospel 
of Christ.- But, under the existing laws, the Chinese popu- 
lation in the United States is, of course, steadily decreasing. 

The first effort to evangelize these, our home 
California heathen, was made by the Presbyterian Church 

in 1852, when Rev. Wm. Speer, D.D., who. 
had been connected with the Canton mission, was commis- 
sioned for this work. A few were found in San Fraricisco 
who had been instructed in mission schools in Canton. As 
some of these had renounced idolatry before leaving home, 
a church was organized in 1853. Dr. Speer, who was com- 
pelled by ill health to leave the mission in 1857, was suc- 
ceeded in 1859 by Rev. A. W. Loomis, D.D., and his wife, 
who had been fifteen years in China. In 1870 the mission 
was strengthened by the arrival of Rev. Ira M. Condit, from 
Canton. 

In 1882, the building 911 Stockton Street, formerly 
occupied by the First Presbyterian Church, was purchased 
for the mission, and on November roth of that year, the 
Chinese congregation worshipped there for the first time. 

The Chinese are in every part of California—in the towns 
and in the mines, in the country and on the rivers. The 
missionaries and their assistants visit them wherever they are 
to be found, preaching on the streets to large crowds, dis- 
tributing the gospel and tracts in stores and laundries, in 
camps and ranches, and from house to house. Sabbath- 
schools are organized where it is possible, and evening 


THE CHINESE MISSIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. £0 


schools sustained. Y.M.C. Associations are also accom- 
plishing a good work ; young men joining these usually give 
up idolatry, even if they do not at once confess Christ. 

‘The Presbyterian Board has stations with church services 
and schools at San Francisco, Sacramento, San José, Santa 
Rosa, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, San Diego, Oakland, 
Stockton, San Rafael and Alameda. ‘I‘he work in all these 
places suffers from the changing character of the Chinese 
population, but it is nevertheless steadily prosecuted, with a 
good degree of success. The Synod of the Pacific has made 
an appeal to the Board for an increase in the means of train- 
ing Chinese young men for evangelistic work—stating that 
within the bounds of the Synod there are 40,000 Chinese, 
with only three churches and fifteen mission schools. They 
believe that the Chinese themselves, suitably trained, could 
do more than American missionaries can ever do, to reach 
this multitude of their own people scattered over the Pacific 
Coast. 

The proportion of women among the Chinese in this 
country is estimated at about one in thirty. Many of them 
are brought here for a base purpose Efforts for their rescue 
and salvation, made by the Woman’s Missionary Societies, 
culminated in the foundation in 1874 of the Home for 
Chinese women and girls. Here Chinese women who are 
susceptible to kindly influence and desire to change their 
life are received. Many young girls have been rescued from 
present or prospective bondage by the ‘‘ Humane Society,”’ 
whose secretary obtains letters of guardianship for the Home. 
The work of the household is performed by the inmates. 
Two daily sessions of the school are held, and religious 
instruction is regularly given both to those living in the 
Home and to women gathered from outside. Classes are 
taught in needle-work ; and some of the inmates by sewing 
for Chinese stores, earn a little money, which is placed to 
their credit and expended in supplying their wardrobe. By 
this means habits of industry are formed, and a feeling of 
self-respect is created. 

There have been over 500 women and girls rescued by 
this Home —and there are 54 families with 85 children born 
in lawful wedlock as the results of its work. Miss Culbert- 
son, as matron, with various assistants, has been largely 
instrumental in bringing about these good results. 

In San Francisco the Occidental School for boys was 
opened in 1878, with twelve pupils. It has had a fluctuat- 


38 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 


ing existence, moving from house to house in the Chinese 
quarter, until in 1895 it was established at g11 Stockton 
Street, the headquarters of the Presbyterian Board work, 
‘since which time it has been larger and more satisfactory. 
A missionary society among the boys themselves has been 
recently formed, their collections being used for poor Chinese 
in San Francisco. 

The Loomis Memorial School was started in 1869, and 
was carried on for a number of years as a Union School, 
but its supervision was always held by the Presbyterian Mis- 
sion. Mrs. Cole was the beloved teacher for seven years— 
until she went to her reward, in 1876. It has had a varied 
experience, and a Succession of faithful teachers. In 18809, 
Miss Wisner took charge of the school. Her knowledge of 
the Chinese language, and her aptitude for teaching worked 
a great change in the school. It enrolls 45 and is most 
successful in winning its pupils to Christ. 

According to the last report of the work in California, 
there are now ‘‘ public schools for Chinese children ; Christ- 
ian Endeavor Societies with all that belongs to such organi- 
zations ; temperance societies among the children; mission- 
ary societies for men, women and children ; and a church 
paper.’’ ‘Three organized churches are found; one in San 
Francisco, one in Oakland and one in Los Angeles. A 
circle of King’s Daughters was organized in 1893, being an 
auxiliary to the first Chinese church in San Francisco. 
The ‘‘ Whatsoever Circle ’’ is composed of women, and has 
for its object the developing them into active church 
workers. 7 

The work among the Chinese in Oregon is 
Oregon conducted on the same lines with that in Cali- 

_ fornia—preaching, school-work, prayer-meet- 
ings and Christian Endeavor Societies, all appear in the 
reports. 


: In New York City, a Chinese minister, the 
New York Rev. Huie Kin, is employed by the Board to 

; conduct preaching services and a Sunday- 
school. In 1897 Mr. Huie brought from China thirty young 
lads to be educated by him in this country entirely at their 
parents’ expense. During his stay in China he baptized g 
persons who had been won to Christ by Christian Chinese 
who had returned from this country. There is a large Sun- 
day-school connected with the Chinese Mission in University 
Place, and a day-school of 33 pupils. Other work is done 


THE CHINESE MISSIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. 39 


by Chinese among their countrymen in New York and 
Brooklyn, and liberal contributions have been made by them 
to different objects in their native land and in this country. 
Many Chinese are cared for also in the Sabbath-schools of 
Presbyterian and other churches. When it is possible, the 
Board employs the services of returned missionaries in 
preaching to the Chinese in their own tongue, wherever 
there are any large number of these gathered. 


GENERAL. OUTLOOK. 


Hostility to the Chinese is the chief hindrance to the pro- 
gress of this good work. The outrages perpetrated upon 
them have not only made attendance at the evening schools 
at'‘times unsafe but they have also embittered the minds of 
some who would otherwise be susceptible to good influence. 

Still a healthy growth is manifest. Converts are multi- 
plying ; the number of Christian homes is increasing ; young’ 
men of more than ordinary ability and promise are willing 
to give up profitable employment and engage in study to 
prepare themselves for Christian work. There is encourage- 
ment also in such statements as these from Dr. Condit, to 
whom, with Mrs Condit, we are indebted for much of this 
sketch. 


‘‘As many of our Chinese Christians are returning home per- 
manently to live, their hearts have been turning toward replanting 
in China the work which has been done among them here. The 
Chinese do not leave their religion behind them when they return 
home. Rey. H. V. Noyes, who has been a missionary in Canton. 
twenty-five years, said, not long ago: 

‘Nearly all the Chinese in the United States come from four dis- 
tricts tin the Canton province. Eighteen years ago there was nota 
Christian chapel or school in all that region. Now there are few 
places in these districts where there is not a mission chapel within a 
distance the Chinese easily walk. Of these chapels the Presbyterians 
have six. Every one of these locations was obtained by the help of 
Christians returned from California. Of the thirteen native assistants 
who have labored at these stations, six were converted in California, 
one in Australia, and one received his first serious impressions from a 
member of the Chinese Church in California, on the steamer crossing 
the Pacific.’ 

The Chinese prove their religion by their liberality. A few years 
ago Christian Chinamen, in this and other places, contributed money 
enough to build a large Chapel and Christian Home in the San Ui dis- 
trict of the province of Canton. The Presbyterian Chinese of California 
several years ago, gave $1,500 for a new church in the city of Canton, 
and year before last $3,200 more, to be invested as an endowment fund 
for the support of a minister in the church. Last year they sent $2,000 
to build a church and school-rooms in the San Ning district. Of this 


40 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF CHINESE MISSIONS IN U. S. 


“sum, one man gave nearly or quite two months of his wages. This 
year they have sent money to build another small chapel. They have 
regularly organized missionary societies, which are supporting duly 
appointed colporteurs among their people in China.’’ 


STATIONS, 1607. 


SAN FRANCISCO. Mission begun 1852; laborers—Rev. I. M. Con- 
dit and Mrs. Condit, Miss Maggie Culbertson and Miss J. E. Wisner ; 
3 teachers in English, 1 ordained native, 3 mative teachers and helpers. 


OAKLAND. Mission begun 1877; laborers—z2 teachers. 


PORTLAND, Oregon ; laborers—Rey. W. S. Holt and Mrs. Holt, 
and Mrs. Clarkson ; 1 native helper. 


NEw YorRK, laborers—fev. Huie Kin and Mrs. Hutie. In Boys’ 
School, Miss Isabell C. Wightman. 


MISSIONARIES AMONG THE CHINESE IN AMERICA, 


1852-1897. 
*Died. Figures, Term of Service in the Field. 

Baskin, Miss M., Kerr, Mrs., 1884 

Cable, Miss Emma R., 1879 Kerr, J.cGij-MiDs 1877-1878 

Condit, Rev. Ira M., 1870 *Kerr, Mrs., 1877-1878 

Condit, Mrs. Samantha Loomis, Rev. A. W., 1859 

F, 1870 *Loomis, Mrs. Mary 

Culbertson, MissM , 1878 Ann, 1859-1866 

Cummings, Miss S. M. 1874-1877 Loomis, Mrs., 1875 
*Goodrich, Miss S. U., 1878-1882 Phillips, Miss H. N., 1875-1877 

Holt, Rev. W. S., 1885 Speer, Rev. Williams 1852-1857 

Holt, Mrs., 1885 Speer, Mrs., 1852-1857 

Kerr, Rev. A. J., 1883 Wisner, Miss J. E., 1893 


BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 


The Chinese in America. O. Gibson. $1.50. 
Chinese Immigration. Hon. G. F. Seward $2.00. 


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